A  Study 


IN  THE 


Syntax  of  Alexandre  Hardy 


BY 


EDWARD   HINMAN  SIRICH 


a  2Disfs!ertation 


SUBMITTED   TO   THE  BOARD   OF   UNIVEESITY  STUDIES  OF  THE  JOHNS  HOPKINS  UNIVEBSITY 

IN  CONFORMiry  WITH  THE  BKQUIEEMENTS  FOB  THE  DSeBBS  OF 

DOCTOB  OF  PHILOSOPHY 


'Y 


BALTIMORE 

J.   H.    FURST    COMPANY 

1915 


A  Study 


IN  THE 


Syntax  of  Alexandre  Hardy 


BY 

EDWARD  HINMAN  SIRICH 


^  miasevmion 


SUBMITTED   TO   THE  BOABD   OF   UNIVKBSITY  STUDIES  OP  THE  JOHNS   HOPKIKS    UNIVEESITY 

IN  COHFOBMITY  WITH  THE  BEQCIBEMSNTS  FOE  THE  DEOBES  OF 

DOCTOB  OF  PHILOSOPHY 


BALTIMORE 

J.   H.    FURST    COMPANY 
1915 


PREFACE 


The  purpose  of  this  study  is  to  determine  the  speech  char- 
acteristics of  Alexandre  Hardy,  and  their  relation  to  the 
language  of  the  periods  which  preceded  and  followed  the  time 
at  which  he  wrote.  According  to  Mr.  Rigal,  Hardy's  first  play 
dates  between  1593  and  1601.  The  extreme  date  is,  probably, 
1627.  In  his  work,  Alexandre  Hardy  et  le  theatre  frangais, 
Mr.  Rigel  has  treated  the  literary  side  of  Hardy's  plays.  The 
question  naturally  arises  as  to  whether  the  syntactical  structure 
of  his  works  connects  him  more  closely  with  the  preceding  or 
the  following  period. 

The  method  employed  has  been  to  compare  the  syntax  of  the 
plays  of  Hardy  with  the  syntax  of  the  later  seventeenth  century, 
on  the  one  hand,  and  with  that  of  the  sixteenth  century,  on 
the  other.  For  the  seventeenth  century,  Haase's  Syntaxe  fran- 
qaise  du  XVIIe  Steele  was  used  as  a  standard,  and,  in  so  far 
as  possible,  the  general  arrangement  of  material  in  Haase  was 
followed.  References  to  his  work  are  given  under  each  head.^ 
It  will  be  noticed  that  the  chapters  on  the  Adverb  and  Word 
Order  have  been  omitted,  as  neither  one  belongs,  in  the  strict 
sense,  in  a  study  on  syntax.  For  the  sixteenth  century  I  have 
made  use,  principally,  of  Darmesteter  and  Hatzfeld's  8eizieme 
Steele  and  Huguet's  Etude  sur  la  syntaxe  de  Rabelais.  A  list 
of  the  works  which  I  have  utilized  is  appended.  For  the  system 
of  paragraphing  I  am  indebted  to  Jespersen's  Modem  English 
Grammar.'^  In  his  preface,  Mr.  Jespersen  says :  "  The  num- 
bering of  paragraphs  in  this  book  is  according  to  a  new  system, 
based  on  the  decimal  principle.     The  number  before  the  deci- 

^  Nearly  all  the  writers  discussed  by  Haase,  except  Malherbe,  are  pos- 
terior to  1628,  that  is  to  say,  Haase  treats  of  a  period  which  begins  just 
at  the  close  of  Hardy's  period  of  activity. 

'0.  Jespersen,  A  Modern  English,  Orammar:  Heidelberg,  Winter,  1909, 

3 


34662ii 


A  Study  in  the  Syntax  of  Alexandre  Hardy 

mal  dot  indicates  the  chapter;  then  follows  the  number  of  the 
section,  then  that  of  the  subsection,  etc.  The  only  drawback 
of  the  system  is  that  an  author  must  nowhere  have  more  than 
nine  parallel  divisions  (though  it  would  be  easy  to  use  a,  b,  etc., 
in  combination  of  nine)  ;  but  this  offers  no  serious  difficulty." 

I  want,  in  concluding,  to  thank  those  who  have  aided  me  in 
this  work.  To  Professor  H.  C.  Lancaster  of  Amherst  College, 
I  owe  a  debt  of  gratitude  for  suggesting  the  subject  of  this  study, 
and  also  for  the  most  helpful  bibliography  which  he  gave  me. 
My  friend  and  teacher,  Abbe  J.  Lay,  Cure  de  Beaulieu,  was  of 
very  great  help  to  me  in  the  revision  of  many  of  the  "  fiches  ". 
I  desire  also  to  thank  Professor  A.  Terracher,  of  the  University 
of  Liverpool,  who,  while  in  Baltimore,  was  kind  enough  to  coun- 
sel me  on  more  than  one  occasion  and  Professor  A.  Morize,  who 
has  shown  himself  always  ready  to  aid  me  in  every  possible 
manner. 

My  latest  and  greatest  debt  is  to  Professor  E.  C.  Armstrong, 
who  has  put  himself  entirely  at  my  disposition  throughout  this 
study,  and  without  whose  encouragement,  guidance,  and  help 
the  present  work  would  have  been  impossible.  Professor  Arm- 
strong has  not  only  revised  and  corrected  the  manuscript,  but 
he  has  also  offered  numberless  suggestions  which  have  been 
embodied  in  these  pages.  If  the  present  study  has  any  value, 
whatever,  it  is  due  to  him.  The  writer,  alone,  is  responsible 
for  the  rest. 


ABBREVIATIONS 


Did 

—  Didon 

Dor. 

—  Dorise 

ScM. 

—  8c4dase 

Corine 

—  Corine 

Pant. 

—  Panthie 

Daire. 

—  La  Mort  de  Daire 

M61. 

—  M4Uagre 

Alex. 

—  La  Mort  d'  Alexandre 

Procr. 

—  Procris 

Arist. 

—  AriatocUe 

Alceste 

—  Alceate 

Fr6g. 

—  Fr4gonde 

Ariad. 

—  Ariadni 

G^s. 

—  G4aippe 

Alph 

—  AlpMe 

Phra. 

—  Phaarte 

Ach. 

—  La  Mort  d'Achille 

Tr.  d' 

A. 

—  La  Triomphe  d'  Amour 

Coriol. 

—  Ooriolan 

Tim. 

—  TimocUe 

Corn. 

—  Com6lie 

Elm. 

—  Elmire 

Arsac. 

—  Arsacome 

B.  Eg. 

—  La  Belle  Egyptienne 

Mar. 

—  Mariamne 

Lucr. 

—  Lucrice 

Alc6e 

—  Alc6€ 

Alcm. 

—  Alcmion 

Rev.  Pr. 

—  Le  Ravissement  de 

Am.    Vict. 

—  VAmour    Victorieux 

Proserpine 

F.   d.  ,S. 

—  La  Force  du  8a»g 

J.  1,  J. 

2, 

etc.—  ThSagdne  et  CharieUe — 

Gig. 

—  La  GiganiomacMe 

journSe  1,  2,  etc. 

P61. 

—  FSUsm&ne 

D  &  H.  —  Darmesteter  and  Hatzfeld:  Le  Seizi^me  Sidole. 

H.  —  Haase:  Syntaxe  frangaite  du  XVIIe  gidcle. 


*  These   abbreviations  of  the  titles   of  Hardy's  playa   are   taken   from 
Rigal,  p.  563. 


.»  >     .*»♦'>"» 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 


Kigal:    Alexandre  Hardy  et  le  theatre  frangais.    Paris,  Hach- 
ette,  1889. 

Daemestetee  and  TTatzfeld  :    Le  seizieme  siecle.    Paris,  Del- 
agrave,  1878. 

HuGUET :    Etude  sur  la  syntaxe  de  Rabelais.    Paris,  Hachette, 
1894. 

Haase:     Syntaxe  frangaise  du  XVII^  siecle.     Paris,  Picard, 
1898. 

Bkunot  :    Histoire  de  la  langue  frangaise  des  origines  a  1900. 
Paris,  Colin,  1905-1913. 

Toblee:     Vermischte  heitrdge  zur  franzosischen  grammatik. 
Leipzig,  Hirzel,  1902-1912. 

Ayee:     Grammaire  comparee  de  la  langue  frangaise.     Paris, 
Fischbacher,  1900. 

Ceouzet,  Beethet  et  Galliot  :    Grammaire  frangaise  simple 
et  complete.    Paris,  Didier,  1909. 

Plattnee:     Ausfuhrliche  grammatik.     Freiburg,   Bielifeld, 
1900-08. 

Aemsteong:    Syntax  of  the  french  verb.     New  York,  Holt  & 
Co. 

Le  theatre  d'Alexa/ndre  Hardy — edited  by  E.  Stengel.     Mar- 
burg, 1884,  5  vols.^ 

*For  the  Stengel  edition,  note  the  following:  1)  Absence  of  any  regu- 
larity in  the  orthography,  which  makes  the  treatment  of  agreement  and 
non-agreement  exceedingly  difficult;  and  2)  Absence  of  systematised  punc- 
tuation, which  increases  the  difficulties  for  the  study  of  coordination  and 
fittbordination. 

6 


TABLE  OF  C0:N^TENTS 


Chapteb  I 


Chaptee  II 
Chapteb  III 


Chaptee  IV 
Chapteb  V 


Chapteb  VI 
Chaptee  VII 
Chaptee  VIII 


The  Pronoun 
Personal 
Possessive 
Demonstrative 
Definite  Article 
Relative 
Interrogative 
Indefinite 

The  Indefinite  Article 

The  Verb 

Forms  of  the  verb 

Number 

Tense 

Verbal  Paraphrase 

Subjunctive 

Infinitive 

Gerundive  and  Participle 

The  Adverb 

The  Preposition 
Preposition  d 
Preposition  de 
Other   Prepositions 

The  Conjunction 

Coordinated  Phrases 

Conclusion 


CHAPTER  I 

THE  PRONOUN 

1.  1  Personal  Pkonoun 

1. 1  Relative  propositions  in  the  first  and  second  person, 
with  the  absence  of  the  tonic  personal  pronoun  ante- 
cedent, occur  frequently  in  the  first  half  of  the  seven- 
teenth century  (H.,  §  1,  rem.). 

In  Hardy,  this  construction  is  frequent: 
Theagene  remis  en  liberte  me  dire 
Centre  la  verite  qui  suis  entre  leurs  mains. 

(J.  6,  III,  1.) 
Tu  me  la  dois,  gardien  plus  fidele, 
Qui  meurs  le  jour  cent  mille  fois  pour  elle. 

(Alph.,  I,  1,  66.) 
Qu'  ai-je  affaire  de  toy,  qui  desire  la  mort? 
(Pant.,  II,  1,  364.) 
Compare  also  Mel.,  iv,  2,  872 ;  Procr.,  iii,  1,  4T7 ; 

Alex.,  1,  2,  186 ;  etc. 
So  also  in  the  sixteenth  century  (Huguet,  p.  132). 
1. 12       In  the  seventeenth  century,  one  finds  the  atonic  pro- 
nouns of  the  third  person  used  exceptionally  in  the 
place  of  the  tonic  pronouns  as  predicate  nominatives 
(H.,  §  7,  rem.  i). 

This  usage  is  exceptional  in  Hardy: 

Ce  les  sont,  oe  les  sont ;  il  n'y  a  que  tenir. 

(Procr.,  V,  1,  970.) 
Oui,  oui ;  ce  V  est,  active  et  desolee  .  .  . 
(Tr.  d'A.,  II,  1,  527.) 
So  in  sixteenth  century,  and  till  1650  (Brunot,  in, 
p.  482). 
1.  13       The  omission  of  the  atonic  pronoun  subject  in  the 
seventeenth  century  is  rare  (H.,  §  8). 

9 


10  'A  Study  in  the  Syntax  of  Alexandre  Hardy 

This  phenomenon  is  very  frequent  in  Hardy,  as  may 
be  seen  from  the  examples  which  follow. 
1. 131     The  omission  of  the  pronoun  of  the  first  person  (H., 
§8,A): 

Et  me  trompe,  touche  d'un  sinistre  presage. 

(J.  3,  III,  1.) 
Eveille  des  regrets  que  veTwns  d'epancher. 

(J.  2,  II,  1.) 
Et  le  pouvons  loyal  epreuver  de  perfide. 
(Pant.,  Ill,  2,  672.) 
Compare  also  Did.,  v,  1,  1761;  Coriol.,  iv,  1,  814; 
J.  8,  II,  1 ;  etc. 
1.  132     The  omission  of  the  pronoun  of  the  second  person  (H., 
§  8,  B)  : 

et  auras  debonnaire 
Mieux  aime  le  trepas  certain  que  me  deplaire. 

(Coriol.,  V,  3,   1257.) 
Tu  r  auras  et  pourtant  demeureras  sans  elle, 
Commettras  injustice  .  .  . 
(J.  2,  III,  1.) 
L'  infortune  honteux  que  voulez  eviter. 
(Pant.,  II,  2,  390.) 
Compare  also  J.  5,  v,  2 ;  Seed.,  iii,  1,  736 ;  Pant, 
I,  1,  144;  etc. 
1. 133     The  omission  of  the  pronoun  of  the  third  person  (H., 
§  8,  C)  : 

Voire  a  peine  le  peui  apres  rememorer. 

(J.  2,  V,  1.) 
Ou  le  veuillent  plutot  repandre  sur  ma  chef. 
(Seed.,  IV,  908.) 
1.  134     The  omission  of  the  neuter  pronoun  il  (H.,  §  8,  D)  : 
Qui,  de  necessite  faudra  que  j'y  demeure. 

(J.  3,  IV,  1.) 
Et  ny  a  que  le  roi  qui  reprendre  le  puisse. 

(Mel.,  IV,  2,  846.) 
Sous  les  lois  de  1'  hymen  te  plaise  revenir. 
(Procr.,  IV,  1,  870.) 


A  Study  in  the  Syntax  of  Alexandre  Hardy  11 

Compare  also  Corn.,  ii,  1,  386 ;  Seed.,  iii,  1,  615 ; 

Am.  Vict,  II,  1,  379 ;  etc. 
This  omission  of  pronoun  subject  is  also  common  in 
the  sixteenth  century  (D.  and  H.  §  184,  and  Bru- 
not,  II,  p.  412.). 
1.  14       In  the  seventeenth  century,  the  tonic  form  of  the  pro- 
noun can  be  used  as  subject  of  a  verb,  without  its  being 
repeated  by  an  atonic  form  (H.,  §  11,  B). 
This  phenomenon  is  frequent  in  Hardy : 

Moi-meme  alors  serais  le  bourreau  de  ta  vie. 

(J.  8,  I,  1.) 
L'  apparence  que  toy  ce  desordre  termines  ? 

(Arsac,  iii,  1,  769.) 
Et  qu'  euLx  Y  ont  seul  ami  du  peuple  Athenien. 
(Tim.,  II,  1,  576.) 
Compare  also  Rav.  Pr.,  i,  2,  81 ;  Alcm.,  v,  1,  1587; 

Phra.,  I,  4,  179 ;  etc. 
So  also  in  the  sixteenth  century  (D.  and  H.,  §  188). 
1.  15  When  two  tonic  pronouns,  or  a  tonic  pronoun  and  a 
substantive  from  a  coordinated  subject  of  a  verb,  they 
must  be  resumed  by  an  atonic  pronoun  in  modern 
French.  This  rule  is  not  yet  rigorously  established  in 
the  seventeenth  century  (H.,  §  11,  B,  rem.  ii). 

Hardy  has  frequently  failed  to  follow  modern  usage 
.     in  this  construction : 

Voibs  et  moi  sortirons  et  de  peine  et  de  doute. 

(Arsac,  ii,  2,  562.) 
Ton  pere  et  moi  voulons  ton  epouse  la  faire. 

(F.  d.  S.,  V,  5,  1506.) 
La,  leurs  bergers,  la  toi  et  moi  serons. 
(Am.  Vict.,  I,  1,  115.) 
Compare  also  Tim.,  i,  1,  289;  Corn.,  v,  4,  1376; 
Corine,  v,  3,  1004;  etc. 


12  A  Study  in  the  Syntax  of  Alexandre  Hardy 

CHAPTEE  I 

1.  2  Possessive  Pronoun 

1.  21  A  personal  pronoun  and  a  substantive,  both  construed 
with  de,  are  often  coordinated  in  the  seventeentii  cen- 
tury  (H,  §  14,  B). 

Examples  are  rare  in  Hardy: 

Posons  que  le  salut  de  nous  et  de  la  ville. 
(Ach.,  II,  381.) 
Compare  also  Ach.,  in,  1,  797. 
For  sixteenth  century,  cf.  Huguet,  p.  61. 
1.221     In  the  seventeenth  century  the  tonic  form  of  the  posses- 
sive is  frequently  construed  with  the  definite  article  and 
a  substantive,  the  pronoun  being  placed  after  the  sub- 
stantive (H.,  §  17,  A). 

In  Hardy,  examples  are  found  in  which  the  pronoun 
is  placed  before  as  well  as  after  the  substantive : 
Helas !  helas !  a  la,  volonte  mienne  .  .  . 
.   ■  (Am.  Vict,  V,  2,  1491.) 

Allege  ta  douleur  sur  la  mienne  compagne  .  .  . 
(Fel.,  I,  2,  269.) 
Compare  also  (J.  2,  in,  3.) 

Occurs  in  the  sixteenth  century  (Huguet,  p.  77). 
1.  222     The  use  of  the  tonic  form  of  the  possessive  pronoun 
with  the  demonstrative  is  rare  in  the  seventeenth  cen- 
tury (H.,  §  17,  B). 

This  phenomenon  is  very  frequent  in  Hardy,  where 
the  possessive  pronoun  may  follow  as  well  as  precede 
the  substantive: 

Use  a  ce  gentilhomme  ains  a  ce  frere  mien. 

(Lucr.,  1,  V,  1191.) 
Venez  recompenser  ce  mien  loyal  epoux. 

(Alcm.,  Ill,  1,  666.) 
En  ce  scrupule  tien,  je  trouve  de  I'exces. 
(Ariad.,  ii,  1,  439.) 


A  Study  in  the  Syntax  of  Alexandre  Hardy  13 

Compare  also  Rav.  Pr.,  ii^  1,  369 ;  Corine,  iv,  3,  733 ; 
Freg.,  V,  3,  1378 ;  etc. 

Occurs  in  the  sixteenth  century  (Huguet,  678). 
1.  223     Also  rare  in  the  seventeenth  century  is  the  use  of  the 
indefinite  pronoun  quelque  with  the  tonic  form  of  the 
possessive  pronoun  (H.,  §  17,  C.) 

This  phenomenon  is  not  frequent  in  Hardy : 
entrons  dans  ce  portique 
Que  quelque  mien  secret  seul  je  vous  communique 
(J.  5,  V,  2.) 
Quelques  miens  serviteurs  prenons  a  notre  suite. 
(J.  4,  III,  2.) 
Occurs  in  the  sixteenth  century  (Brunot,  ii,  p.  419). 
1.  224     The  numeral  followed  by  the  tonic  possessive  pronoun 
is  very  rare  in  the  seventeenth  century  (H.,  §  17,  B). 
This  is  also  the  case  with  Hardy : 

Egarai  traversant  dev^  miens  hoeufs  a  la  fois. 
(Procr.,  Ill,  2,  598.) 
Occurs  in  the  sixteenth  century  (Huguet,  p.  78). 
1.225     The  construction  of  the  possessive  pronoun  with  the 
indefinite  article  is  of  frequent  use  in  the  seventeenth 
century  (H.,  §  17,  E.) 

This  construction  is  very  wide-spread  in  Hardy : 
un  mien  Pylade  intime 
Compagnon  de  voyage  .  .  . 

(B.  Eg.,  V,  5,  1499.) 
Jusque'  a  un  leur  camp  etait  a  plat  detruit. 

(Pant,  IV,  2,  946.) 
Centre  un  chef  d'  oeuvre  sien  qu'elle  admire    , 
elle-meme. 

(Ach.,  II,  2,  534.) 

ensemblement  loger 
Chez  un  mien  hon  ami  .  .  . 
(J.  3,  IV,  1.) 
Compare  also  Ges.,  i,  4,  191 ;  F.  d.  S.,  iv.  2,  925 ; 

Corn.,  IV,  4, 1161 ;  Elm.,  iv,  1,  1194;  etc. 
So  also  in  the  sixteenth  century  (Huguet,  p.  78). 


14  A  Study  in  the  Syntax  of  Alexandre  Hardy 

1.  226  The  tonic  possessive  pronoun  used  as  a  predicate  after 
the  verb  etre  is  a  common  phenomenon  in  the  seven- 
teenth century  (H.,  §  17,  F,  rem.). 

This  is,  also,  a  common  phenomenon  in  Hardy : 

Pour  etre  tiens,  nous  derobe  a  nous  meme  .  .  . 

(Alph.,  V,  3,  1582.) 
Vevi  de  droit  successif  etre  tien  derechef. 
(Gig,  I,  1,  40.) 
Compare  also  Corn.,  v,  6,  1489 ;  Tr.  d'A.,  iii,  2,  905 ; 

Corine  v^  4,  1038 ;  etc. 
Occurs  also  in  the  sixteenth  century  (Huguet,  p.  81). 
1.  2261  The  tonic  form  of  the  possessive  pronoun  is  also  used  in 
Hardy  with  other  verbs  than  etre : 

Un  si  riche  guerdon  puisse  demeurer  tien, 

(Mel.,  IV,  2,  824.) 
Puis  qu'  un  decret  fatal  sienne  m'  a  destinee. 

(Ges.,  Ill,  2,  977.) 
L'  autre  present  qui  ne  restera  tien. 

(Tr.  d'A.,  IV,  2,  1484.) 
Ta  race  que  j'  allai  naguere  dire  mienne. 
(J.  8,  IV,  1.) 
Compare  also  Alcm.,  iii,  1,  937;  Pav.  Pr.,  v,  2, 

1827 ;  B.  Eg.,  i,  1,  283  ;  Alcee,  i,  2,  136  ;  etc. 
Brunot,  ii,  419.     [N'ote  gives  example  of  demeurer 
mienne. 
1.  227     The  tonic  form  of  the  possessive  pronoun  is  also  used  in 
Hardy  with  a  substantive  without  the  article,  and  abso- 
lutely : 

Caliste  mien?    6  Amour!    je  rends  grace. 

(Corine,  v,  4,  1043.) 
Sienne    trois    jours,    le   mepris,    les   reproches 
Commenceront  .  .  . 

(Alcee,  II,  3,  713.) 
Compare  also  Tr.  d'A.,  i,  1,  22;  Arsac,  i,  2,  234; 

Seed.,  Ill,  1,  78 ;  J.  8,  iv,  1 ;  etc. 
So  also  in  the  sixteenth  century  (Huguet,  p.  77). 


A  Study  in  the  Syntax  of  Alexandre  Hardy  15 


CHAPTER  I 
1.  3  Demonstrative  Pronoun 

1.  31  In  the  seventeenth  century,  the  neuter  pronoun  ce  is 
used  in  certain  constructions  which  are  not  approved 
today  (H.,  §  18). 

Examples  are  frequent  in  Hardy : 
1.  311     Ce  aa  direct  complement  when  one  cites  textually  the 
words  of  another  (H.,  §  18  B)  : 

Jupiter,  ce  dit  on,  amoureux  de  la  sorte  .  .  . 

(F.  d.  S.,  I,  2,  125.) 
Ouy,  ce  dis  tu. 

(Tr.  d'A.,  I,  1,  91.) 
Compare  also  Alcee,  iv,  4,  1514;  etc. 
Occurs  also  in  the  sixteenth  century  (Huguet,  p.  99). 
1.  312     Ce  as  direct  complement  of  the  verb  faire  (H.,  §  18,  C) : 
Les  Dieux  nous  aideront  protecteurs  a  ce  faire. 

(Arsac,  v,  1,  1450.) 
De  benedictions  en  ce  faisant  supplie. 

(J.  5,  II,  1.) 
Quel  sujet,  ce  faisant,  ingratte  prendrait-elle  ? 

(Procr.,  1, 1,  135.) 
Dis-nous,  traitre,  qui  t'  a  de  ce  faire  incite  ? 
(Coriol.,  V,  2,  1180.) 
Compare  also  Corn.,  iv_,  3,  1112;  Pant.,  in,  1,  707; 

Arist.,  Ill,  1,  846;  etc. 
So  also  in  the  sixteenth  century  (Huguet,  p.  99). 
1.  313     Ce  as  object  of  a  preposition : 

Jusqu'  a  ce  neanmoins  provoques  de  paroles. 
(Ach.,  1,  2,  257.) 

mais  prier 
De  ne  vouloir  a  ce  contrarier  .  .  . 

(Am.  Vict,  V,  2,  1629.) 
Je  ne  veux  plus  de  ce  me  soucier. 
(Am.  Vict,  1,  2,  224.) 


16  A  Study  in  the  Syntax  of  Alexandre  Hardy 

Compare  also  Procr.,  i,  1,  56 ;  etc. 
So  in  the  sixteenth  century  (Huguet,  p.  99). 
1.  314     Ce  as  object  of  other  verbs  than  faire: 

Ne  voudrait  opiner,  ce  crois-je,  le  contraire. 

(Fel.,  I,  2,  1618.) 
J'  entreprens  ce  par  dessur  mon  pouvoir. 
(Am.  Vict,  II,  2,  563.) 
So  also  in  the  sixteenth  century  (Huguet,  p.  99). 
1.  315  The  omission  of  ce  as  subject  is  rare  in  the  seventeenth 
century  (H.,  §  19). 

Examples  are  found  in  Hardy : 
1.  3151  In  a  sentence  of  the  type  of  ce  qui  .  ...  est  que,  the 
ce  now  introduced  before  est  is  frequently  absent  in  the 
seventeenth  century  (H.,  §  19,  D). 

Ce  qui  me  trouble  plus  est  que  la  multitude. 

(Freg.,  II,  2,  439.) 
Or  qui  plus  vous  console  en  pareil  infortune. 
Est  que  V  affection  du  vaincoeur  .  .  . 
(Daire,  v,  3,  1449.) 
Ck)mpare  also  Tim.,  n,  1,  551. 
1.  3152  Omission,  before  etre  and  an  infinitive,  of  ce  repeating 
the  subject  of  etre  (H.,  §  19,  D,  rem.  I)  : 

Et  le  meilleur  en  semblable  matiere 
Est  ne  fonder  qu'  une  amour  joumaliere. 
(Am.  Vict.,  II,  3,  646.) 
1.321     Cestui  without  -ci  or  -la  is  found  in  the  later  seven- 
teenth century  only  in  La  Fontaine,  where  it  is  em- 
ployed as  both  adjective  and  pronoun  ^H.,  §  23,  A). 
This  phenomenon  occurs  in  Hardy: 
Cettui  vaisseau  de  gloire. 

(Dor.,  m,  3,  636.) 
Cettui  regit  heureux  un  monde  qui  I'adore. 
(Seed.,  II,  1,  227.) 
Occurs  in  the  sixteenth  century  (Huguet,  p.  84). 
1.  322     Cettui-ci  is  rare  in  the  seventeenth  century  after  Cor- 
neiUe  (H.,  §  23,  A). 

It  is  frequent  in  Hardy: 


A  Study  in  the  Syntax  of  Alexandre  Hardy  17 

Mais  sur  tous  excellens,  cettuirci  les  emporte. 

(J.,  8,  V,  1.)      ^ 
Or  la  prosperite  chez  cettui-ci  sejourne. 

(Did.,  II,  3,  561.) 
Mais !  qu'  est-il  survenu  que  cettui-ci  rurnine  ? 
(J.  8,  V,  1.) 
Compare  also  Com.,  i,  3,  120 ;  Arsac.,  iv,  3,  1242 ; 

Seed.,  IV,  1,  1093 ;  Kav.  Pr.,  ii,  3,  655 ;  etc. 
Occurs  in  the  sixteenth  century  (Huguet,  p.  84). 
1.  323     Cettui-ld  is  rare.     So  also  is  cette-ci  (H.,  §  23,  A). 

Tous  ces  gestes  passes  couronne  en  cestui-la. 

(Pant.,  V,  2,  1166.) 
Moy,  je  ferai  a  cette-ci  le  guet. 
(Alcee,  IV,  5,  1565.) 
Compare  also  Did.,  v,  1,  2026 ;  etc. 
Occurs  in  the  sixteenth  century  (Huguet,  p.  84-97). 
1.  33       Icelui,  feminine  icelle,  is  rare  in  Hardy  (H.,  §  23,  B). 
Ou  possible  cheri  de  quelqu'  une  d'  icelles. 

(Procr.,  II,  2,  379.) 
Occurs  in  the  sixteenth  century  (Huguet,  p.  88). 
1.  34       Celle  remains  as  an  adjective  in  the  seventeenth  century 
in  the  phrase  a  celle  fin  (H.,  §  23,  B,  rem.). 
Examples  of  this  usage  are  found  in  Hardy: 
A  celle  fin  que  vaine  ombre  aux  enfers. 

(Alph.,  IV,  1,  1023.) 
A  celle  fin  qu'  aucun  ne  soit  mecontente. 
(Eav.  Pr.,  V,  2,  1634.) 
Occurs  in  the  sixteenth  century  (Huguet,  p.  96). 
1.  35       Use  of  celui-la  followed  by  the  preposition  de,  occurs 
at  least  once  in  Hardy  (cf.  H.,  §  24,  B)  : 

Tu  nous  as  d'un  bon  roi  fagonne  le  modelle, 
Montre  ores  celui-la  de  bon  frere  envers  elle. 
(J.  8,  IV,  1.) 
1.  36       The  phrase:  il  n'y  a  celui  qui,  which  has  almost  the 
acceptation  of  an  indefinite  pronoun,  is  rare  in  the 
seventeenth  century  (H.,  §  26). 
This  usage  is  rare  in  Hardy : 


18  A  Study  in  the  Syntax  of  Alexandre  Hardy 

Point,  il  ny  a  celui  du  peuple  qui  V  endure. 
(J.  8,  II,  1.) 
Occurs  frequently  in  the  sixteenth  century  (Huguet, 
p.  109). 
1. 37       The   pronoun    celui-celle    construed   with    de    can    be 
omitted  in  the  seventeenth  century  (H.,  §  27). 
This  phenomenon  occurs  in  Hardy: 

un  soupgon 
Pire  que  de  ton  meurtre  .  .  . 

(Did.,  V,  1,  1761.) 
Mais  un  autre  respect  m'  empeche  que  de  tons. 
(J.  1,  IV,  5.) 
Compare  also  J.  1,  ii,  2 ;  Eav.  Pr.,  i,  2,  70 ;  etc.  (and 

cf.  Tobler;  Verm.  Beit.,  i,  p.  14). 
So  also  in  the  sixteenth  century  (Huguet,  p.  375). 


CHAPTER  I 

1.  4  Definite  Article 

1.  41       In  the  seventeenth  century,  the  use  of  the  definite  arti- 
cle, in  the  main,  corresponds  to  present  usage,  save  in 
Scarron  and  La  Fontaine  (H.,  §  28). 
^N^evertheless,  certain  omissions  occur: 
1.  411     Before  concrete  nouns  (H.,  §  28,  A). 

In  Hardy,  this  omission  is  rather  frequent: 
Wo.  merite  ni  couteau  ni  les  flammes 

(Am.  Vict,  V,  1,  1452.) 
Je  ne  cms  one  amis  ne  croirai  jamais. 
(x\lex.,  IV,  2,  945.) 
Compare  also  Gig.,  ii,  357 ;  Mel.,  in,  1,  522 ;  etc. 
So  also  the  sixteenth  century  (Huguet,  p.  334). 
1.  412     The  omission  of  the  definite  article  with  abstract  nouns 
is  frequent  in  the  seventeenth  century  (H.,  §.28,  B). 
This  omission  is  common  in  Hardy: 


A  Study  in  the  Syntax  of  Alexandre  Hardy  19 

Fortune  ou  le  destin  moteurs  de  notre  vie  .  .  . 

(Arsac,  iii^  1,  5T3.) 
Car  si  tot  qu'  amour  vint  jeter  .  .  . 

(Did.,  IV,  3,  1621.) 
Qu'  h.  chacun  d'  eux  par  tout  administre  nature. 
(J.  1,  III,  2.) 
Compare  also  J.  7,  in,  1 ;  Seed.,  in,  1,  529 ;  Did., 

IV,  3,  1554;  etc. 
So  also  in  the  sixteenth  century  (Huguet,  p.  329). 
1.  413     The  omission  of  the  definite  article  after  tout  used  with 
a  substantive  in  the  singular  is  rare  in  the  seventeenth 
century  (H.,  §28,  C). 

This  phenomenon  is  rare  in  Hardy: 

L'  un  des  deux  n'  a  cesse  de  plaindre  toute  nuit. 
(Seed.,  Ill,  1,  595.) 
This    omission    is    rare    in    the    sixteenth    century 
(Huguet,  p.  332). 
1.  4131  The  omission  of  the  article  after  tout  used  with  a  sub- 
stantive in  the  plural  is  more  common  in  the  seven- 
teenth century  (H.,  §  28,  C). 

This  phenomenon  is  not  frequent  in  Hardy : 

Retiens  dedans  le  Ciel  tous  astres  adversaires. 
(Did.,  Ill,  2,  1028.) 
Compare  also  Tim.,  ii,  1,  824 ;  Corine,  i,  4,  224. 
Occurs  in  the  sixteenth  century  (Brunot,  ii,  p.  397; 
Huguet,  p.  332). 
1.  414     The  omission  of  the  article  before  meme  is  general  in 
the  seventeenth  century  (H.,  §  28,  D). 

This  omission  is  very  frequent  in  Hardy: 
Meme  chaste  desir  m'  anime  resolue. 

(Seed.,  II,  1,  301.) 
Sus  premieres  marchez  avec  m,eme  assurance. 

(F.  d.  S.,  I,  3,  185.) 
L'  elite  des  soldats  y  eut  meme  destin. 
(Tim.,  II,  1,  866.) 
Compare  also  Mel.,  in,  2,  595 ;  Freg.,  in,  2,  699 ; 

Arist.,  IV,  3,  1221 ;  Seed.,  v,  1,  1243 ;  etc. 
So  in  the  sixteenth  century  (Brunot,  n,  p.  398). 


20  A  Study  in  the  Syntax  of  Alexandre  Hardy 

1.  415  In  the  seventeenth  century,  premier  is  sometimes  used 
without  the  article  where  the  article  would  now  be 
required  (H.,  §  28,  F). 

This  usage  occurs  in  Hardy : 

Concede  que  premier  je  1'  aille  reconnaitre. 
(Alceste,  iv,  1,  869.) 
Compare  also  Procr.,  ii,  2,  302 ;  Did.,  iv,  2,  1239 ; 

Mel.,  I,  1,  202. 
So  in  the  sixteenth  century  (Huguet,  p.  332). 
1.  416     The  article  is  often  omitted  preceding  seul  followed 
by  a  relative  proposition  (H.,  §  28,  F). 
This  usage  is  not  infrequent  in  Hardy : 

Seul  de  qui  la  splendeur  prospere  continue. 

(Arsac,  in,  1,  578.) 
Tu  es  seule,  ma  soeur,  que  je  regrette  plus. 
(Did.,  V,  1,  1765.) 
Compare  also  Seed.,  v,  1,  1177;  Arsac,  iii,  1,  577; 

etc. 
Occurs  in  the  sixteenth  century  (Huguet,  p.  332). 
1.  421     The  comparative  used  in  the  sense  of  a  superlative 
occurs  in  the  seventeenth  century  without  the  definite 
article,  when  the  comparative  is  preceded  by  a  sub- 
stantive with  the  article  (H.,  §  29,  A). 
This  phenomenon  is  common  in  Hardy : 

J'  ai  neanmoins  franchi  la  tempete  plus  fort. 

(Did.,  IV,  2,  1234.) 
IN'e  flattens  point,  duquel  la  beaute  plus  exquise. 
Doit  elle,  paragon  des  beautes,  etre  mise. 

(J.  1,  I.  2.) 
L'  ennenni  plus  abject  nuit  a  qui  le  meprise. 
(Daire,  in,  3,  854.) 
Compare  also  Rav.  Pr.,  ii,  2,  416 ;  J.  2,  i,  1 ;  Daire, 

1, 1,  2  ;  Mel.,  i,  1,  219  ;  etc. 
So  also  in  the  sixteenth  century  (Huguet,  p.  332). 
1.  43       Rare  omission  of  the  definite  article  in  Hardy : 

A  bonne  heure,  la  porte  est  a  1'  accoutumee. 
(Seed.,  IV,  1,  869.) 


A  Study  in  the  Syntax  of  Alexandre  Hardy  21 

CHAPTER  I 
1.  5  The  Relative  Pbonoun 

1.  51  In  the  seventeenth  century,  the  pronoun  qui,  preceded 
by  a  preposition,  is  still  used,  referring  to  thinga  (H., 
§  32). 

Examples  are  numerous  in  Hardy: 

Resout,  n'  esperez  plus  un  courage  plier. 
De  qui  la  durete  croit  a  humilier. 

(Dor.,  Ill,  1,  505.) 
Points  sur  qui  ne  prevaut  la  celeste  clairte. 

(Tim.,  1,  1,  104.) 
Que  V  on  croie  du  tout  leurs  oracles  recua 
Par  qui  les  vertueux  one  ne  furent  decus. 
(Did.,  IV,  2,  1242.) 
Compare  also  Alph.,  in,  2,  756;  Freg.,  ii,  2,  522; 
Rav.  Pr.,  I,  3,  282;  Am.  Vict.,  i,  2,  257;  Tr. 
d'A.,  I,  4,  330. 
So  also  in  the  sixteenth  century  (Brunot,  ii,  p.  422). 
1.  52       In  the  seventeenth  century,  lequel  in  its  various  forms 
is  frequently  employed  where  to-day  we  use  qui,  que, 
orJon^  (H.,  §  33). 

Examples  of  this  use  are  not  uncommon  in  Hardy : 
A  ces  chetifs  lesquels  tu  triomphea  vaincoeur. 
(Pan.,  I,  1,  156.) 
assemble  ton  conseil 
Duquel  nous  dependons  en  accident  pareil. 
(Rav.  Pr.,  V,  2,  1782.) 
Compare  also  Tim.,  i,  1,  228;  Ach.,  iii,  2,  860; 

Arsac,  ii,  2,  464 ;  etc. 
Occurs  in  the  sixteenth  century  (Huguet,  pp.  119- 
123). 
1.  53       In  the  seventeenth  century,  quoi  is  used  with  a  prepo- 
sition, referring  to  things,  where  today  we  would  use  a 
form  of  lequel.     (H.,  §  34.) 


22  A  Study  in  the  Syntax  of  Alexandre  Hardy 

Examples  are  found  in  Hardy: 

A  toute  chose  a  quoi  V  epoux  prendra  plaisir. 

(Arsac,  ii,  2,  468.) 
Chose  a  quoi  jusqu'  ici  nous  empechait  d'en- 
tendre. 

(J.  7,  II,  2.) 
So  also  in  the  sixteenth  century   (Huguet,  p.  125 
et  sq.). 
1.  54       Que,  accusative,  occurs  in  the  seventeenth  century  in 
locutions  such  as:  que  je  crois  (H.,  §  35,  C). 

Examples,  though  not  frequent,  are  found  in  Hardy : 
Didon  n'  a  pas  besoin  de  si  faible  support, 
Mise  au  contentement,  que  j'espere,  du  sort. 

(Did.,  IV,  2,  1190.) 
EUe  n'a  pas  entendu,  qu>e  je  crois  .  .  . 
(Am.  Vict.,  II,  1,  356.) 
Compare  also  B.  Eg.,  iv,  2,  997 ;  Ach.,  i,  1,  194 ;  etc. 
Occurs  in  sixteenth  century    (Brunot,   ii,  p.   428, 
et  sq.). 
1.  541     Que,  neuter,  in  such  locutions  as :  ne  savoir  que  c'est 
que  de  is  frequently  omitted  in  the  seventeenth  century 
(H.,  §  35,  C,  rem.  iii). 
Examples  occur  in  Hardy: 

Qui  ne  savent  que  c'est  d'  apprehender  la  mort. 

(Tim.,  II,  1,  1179.) 
Qui  ne  savent  que  c   est  de  cueillir  les  lauriers. 
(Daire,  ii,  3,  536.) 
Compare  also  Daire,  ii,  3,  536 ;  J.  1,  v,  1 ;  Tim.,  iv, 

1,  1530. 
On  this,  compare  Tobler:  Verm.  Beitr.,  i^,  p.  68. 
So  in  the  sixteenth  century  (Brunot,  in,  pp.  499-500, 
and  note  1,  p.  500). 
1.  551     In  the  seventeenth  century,  ou,  equivalent  to  a  relative, 
preceded  by  a  preposition,  frequently  referred  to  per- 
sons (H.,  §  38,  A). 

Examples  are  found  in  Hardy : 


A  Study  in  the  Syntax  of  Alexandre  Hardy  23 

Ceux  ou  la  vertu  fait  sejour  .  .  . 
(Seed.,  V,  1,  274.) 
Qui  ne  brasse  autre  chose 
Que  d'aller  trouver  celle  ou  son  ame  repose. 

(Alcm.,  IV,  1,  1088.) 
Compare  also  Alcee,  iii,  2,  920. 
Occurs  in  the  sixteenth  century    (Huguet,  p. 
128). 
1.  552     In  the  seventeenth  century,  oil  is  not  only  equivalent 
to  a  relative  construed  with  dans,  but  also  to  a  relative 
construed  with  other  prepositions  (H.,  §  38,  B). 
Examples  are  found  in  Hardy : 

Le  sujet  ou  insiste  ma  crainte  .  .  . 

(Elm.,  II,  1,  429.) 
Que  sur  la  foi  royalle  ou  un  Scythe  se  fie. 

(Ach.,  II,  1,  470.) 
Si  tu  daignais  lui  accorder  un  point, 
De  soi  facile,  oil  tu  ne  penses  point. 
(Alcee,  II,  1,  343.) 
Compare  also  Tim.,  i,  1,  21;  F.  d'  S.,  v,  1,  1167; 

Arist,  III,  1,  837;  Tim.,  ii,  1,  756;  etc. 
So  also  in  the  sixteenth  century  (Huguet,  p.  128). 
1.  553     Oil,  without  an  antecedent  equivalent  to  a  conjunction 
of  time — quand,  lorsque — is  still  used  in  the  seven- 
teenth century  (H.,  §  38,  G). 

Examples  are  numerous  in  Hardy : 

Oii  la  juste  douceur  n'  entre  avec  ses  appas, 
La  force  illegitime  adonc  je  ne  tien  pas. 

(Arist.,  I,  1,  135.) 
Tu  ne  dis  pas  qii' oii  manque  la  puissance 
Aucune  loi  n'  astreint  d'  obeissance. 
(Alph.,  II,  1,   393.) 
Compare  also  Tim.,  i,  1,  99 ;  Arsac,  iii,  1,  635 ; 
Alcee,  V,  2,  1728 ;  Procr.,  ii,  1,  244;  etc. 
1.  554     Oil,  equivalent  to  an  adversative  conjunction — tandis 
que — is  met  with  only  at  the  beginning  of  the  seven- 
teenth century  (H.,  §  38). 


24  A  Study  in  the  Syntax  of  Alexandre  Hardy 

Examples  are  rare  in  Hardy : 

Cela  n'  etait  au  pris  rien  qu'  im  leger  ebat 
Car  r  un  et  1' autre  d'eux  vivait  en  celibat, 
Ou  toi  de  ton  essence  et  de  ton  grade  indigne 
Sans  pudeur  ma  moitie  me  subornes  maligne 
Ou  toi  qui  du  forfait  le  dusses  chatier 
Souffles  de  son  amour  I'adultere  brasier  .  .  . 
(Procr.,  IV,  1,  781.) 
1.  55       Absolute  participial  constructions  with  a  relative  pro- 
noun  are  common   in   the   seventeenth  century    (H., 
§39,  A). 

This  phenomenon  is  rare  in  Hardy: 

Demande  si  je  I'ai  quelqu'autre  part  connue, 
Ce  que  nie,  tant  mieux  .  .  . 

(Corn.,  II,  1,  287.) 
Compare  Brunot,  ii,  p.  466,  et  sq. 
1.  56       Qui,  without  an  antecedent  construed  with  the  verb  in 
the  third  person,  singular,  equivalent  to  si  V  on,  is  very 
frequent  in  the  seventeenth  century  (H.,  §  40). 
Examples  are  numerous  in  Hardy: 

ce  feu  voisin  ne  manque  a  nous  atteindre. 
Qui  ne  s'  eiforcera  de  bonne  heure  a  1'  eteindre. 

(Tim.,  II,  1,  534.) 
Comme  qui  ne  saurait  faire  ni  mal  ni  bien. 

(Fel.,  Ill,  1,  836.) 
Ainsi  que  qui  I'aurait  nagueres  deterree  .  .  . 
(Eav.  Pr.,  II,  3,  604.) 
Compare  also  Freg.,  i,  2,  128;  Pant.,  v,  1,  1044; 
Did.,  II,  3,  515 ;  Mar.,  v,  1,  1462 ;  Ges.  ii,  2,  510 ; 
etc. 
So  also  in  the  sixteenth  century  (Huguet,  p.  135). 
1.  57       Miscellaneous  examples  of  the  usuage  of  the  relative 

pronoun  in  Hardy: 
1.  571     Where  the  antecedent  of  the  relative  is  rien,  or  chose 
understood : 

Discords  que  Cupidon  par  maniere  d'  ebats 


A  Study  in  the  Syntax  of  Alexandre  Hardy  25 

Nous  suscite  n'ajant  qui  I'occupe  ga-bas. 

(Fel.,  V,  2,  1448.) 
L'esprit  libre  n'  a  plus  qui  captif  le  detienne. 
(Freg.,  Ill,  2,  664.) 
Compare  also  F.  d'  S.,  v,  1,  1161 ;  Freg.,  v,  3,  1308; 
Ges.,  Ill,  1,  885 ;  Daire,  ii,  2,  398 ;  Ges.,  i,  4,  203. 
1.  572     Where  the  antecedent  of  the  relative  is  personne: 
Mon  age  decrepit  n'a  plus  qui  le  console. 

(Seed.,  IV,  1,  898.) 
EUe  n'  a  plus  qui  soutienne  ses  corps. 

(Alph.,  II,  3,  623.) 
Du  cote  des  mortels  n'  ait  plus  qui  le  moleste. 
(Pant.,  1,  1,  10.) 
Compare  also  Seed.,  iii,  1,  577 ;  Daire,  v,  3,  1478 ; 
Seed.,  I,  2,  101. 


CHAPTER  I 
1,  6  The  Intekkogative  Pronoun 

1.  61       Quelj  as  a  pronoun,  v^as  frequent  in  the  seventeenth 
century  (H.,  §41,  C). 

Examples  are  numerous  in  Hardy : 

Ains  quel  de  vos  sujets  allegrement  dispos 
Ne  F  irait  immoler. 

(Ach.,  II,  1,  384.) 
Le  conseil  pris  que  donne  une  dryade. 
Quel? 

(Alph.,  I,  4,  331.) 
Compare  also  Coriol.,  iii,  1,  625 ;  Tr.  d'  Am.,  i, 
4,  408 ;  Alcee,  i,  2, 127 ;  Lucr.,  i,  1,  42 ;  etc. 
So  also  in  the  sixteenth  century  (Huguet,  p.  145). 
1.  62       Quant,  varying  in  gender  and  number,  and  equivalent 
to  combien  de,  occurs  in  the  seventeenth  century  H., 
§  41,  rem.  iii). 


26  A  Study  in  the  Syntax  of  Alexandre  Hardy 

Examples  are  found  in  Hardy : 

Quantes  fois  de  ce  voeu  j'  ai  desire  ouir ! 
(J.  4,  IV,  3.) 
Compare  also  J.  3,  ii,  1. 

So  also  in  the  sixteenth  century  (Huguet,  p.  148). 
1.  63       Que  and  qui,  neuter  pronouns,  and  used  to  introduce 
an  indirect  statement  instead  of  ce  que  and  ce  qui,  occur 
in  the  seventeenth  century  (H.,  §  42). 
Examples  are  very  common  in  Hardy: 

Voila  que    mes  travaux  moissonent  d'ordinaire. 

(Gig.,  Ill,  1,  649.) 
tu  sais  bien  que  cela  signifie. 

(Ges.,  IV,  2,  HIT.)      • 
Declare-moi  qui  cause  tes  soucis  .  .  . 
(Alph.,  I,  4,  276.) 
Compare  also  Did.,  iii,  2,  998 ;  Tr.  d'A.,  ii,  2,  586 ; 
B.  Eg.,  IV,  2,  1052 ;  Am.  Vict.,  ii,  1,  444 ;  Pror., 
IV,  1,  799 ;  Arsac,  iii,  1,  784 ;  etc. 
So  also  in  the  sixteenth  century  (Huguet,  pp.  363- 
364). 
1.  641     Quoi,   as   accusative   complement,    is   construed   only 
with  an  infinitive  (H.,  §  42,  rem.  in). 
Examples  are  found  in  Hardy: 

Las !  et  quoi  decouvrir  qu'  un  spectacle  de  mort  ? 

(Did.,  IV,  3,  1131.) 
Qv^i  voulez-vous  aller,  indiscrette,  entreprendre  ? 
(Ges.,  I,  2,  149.) 
Occurs  in  the  sixteenth  century  (Huguet,  p.  125). 
1.  642     Qiwi  in  the  locution  comme  quoi,  also  occurs  in  Hardy: 

Que  j'  embrasse 
Suppliant  ces  genoux  de  qui  depend  ma  grace. 
Comme  quoi? 

(Corn.,  IV,  4,  1135.) 
Compare  also  Dor.,  ii,  4,.  723. 
1.  65       Que  is  also  used  in  Hardy  with  an  infinitive  equivalent 
to  lieu  de,  raison  pour: 


A  Study  in  the  Syntax  of  Alexandre  Hardy  27 

Retourne,  tu  n'as  plus  que  sejourner  ici. 

(Tim.,  Ill,  1,  1324.) 
Incorruptible,  il  n'y  a  que  douter. 

(Tr.  d'A.,  V,  2,  2086.) 
Compare  also  Ges.,  iv,  1,  1555j  F.  d'  S.,  ii,  3,  527. 
1.  66       Qui  ...  .  qui  originally  interrogative  and  equivalent 
in  meaning  to  les  uns  .  .  .  .  les  autres  occurs  in  the 
seventeenth  century^  (H.,  §  44). 
This  usage  is  rare  in  Hardy : 

Envoyez,  qui  hater 
Tin  habit  somptueux,  qui  des  lettres  porter 
Cettui-ci  tenir  pret  le  festin  magnifique  .  .  . 
(Pel.,  II,  3,  592.) 
So  also  in  the  sixteenth  century  (D.  &  H.,  §  170). 


CHAPTER  I 

1.  7  The  Indefinite  Pronoun 

1.  71       Tout  is  used  in  the  seventeenth  century  to  give  more 
force  to  an  expression  (H.,  §  46,  rem.  ii). 
Examples  of  this  usage  are  found  in  Hardy : 

Mon  sang  et  tout  tel  pris  qu'  il  aura  limite  .  .  . 

(Pant,  II,  2,  422.) 
A  vouloir  appeler  ce  que  tout  chacun  fuit. 
(Alceste,  iii,  1,  560.) 

je  desire 
Tout  tel  parti  que  tu  feras  elire. 

(Am.  Vict.,  I,  2,  246.) 
Compare  Vaugelas,  ii,  p.  387 ;  used  in  the  sixteenth 
century. 
1.  721     Chacun  occasionally  occurs  as  an  adjective  in  the  seven- 
teenth century  (H.,  §  47,  A). 

Examples  of  this  usage  occur  in  Hardy : 

'Compare:  Tobler,  ii*,  p.  164,  note. 


28  A  Study  in  the  Syntax  of  Alexandre  Hardy 

Par  chacun  an  sacrifices  nouveaux  .  .  . 
(Am.  Vict,  V,  2,  1670.) 
ISTos  meilleurs  citoyens 
D'  evader  chacun  jour  inventent  les  moyens. 
(Tim.,  Ill,  1,  1120.) 
Compare  also  Did.,  in,  2,  1056;  etc. 
So  also  in  the  sixteenth  century  (Huguet,  p.  151). 
1.  722     Chacun,  used  with  the  indefinite  article,  is  of  frequent 
occurrence  in  the  seventeenth  century  (H.,  §  47,  B). 
Hardy  furnishes  examples  of  this  usage: 
Distribuant  egal  a  un  chacun  le  sien. 

(Eav.  Pr.,  V,  2,  642.) 
De  ne  passer  plus  outre,  un  chacun  te  suplie. 
(J.  8,  IV,  1.) 
So  also  in  the  sixteenth  century  (Huguet,  p.  151). 
1.  731     In  the  seventeenth  century,  aucun  occurs  as  adjective, 
as  substantive,  and,  with  de  partitive,  in  the  sense  of 
quelque  or  quelqu  un  (H.,  §  50,  A). 

Examples  of  such  usage  occur  in  Hardy: 

Ah,  Sire,  tant  s'  en  faut  qu'  aucun  de  nous 

estime. 
Les  Dieux  prendre  plaisir  a  semblable  victime.- 

(J.  8,  II,  1.) 
Oil  deja  tu  peux  voir  aucuns  te  devancer. 

(Arsac,  i,  1,  83.) 
Que  si  le  ciel  fumant  d'  implacable  courroux, 
Au>cun  fidele  encore  me  conserve  entre  nous  .  . 
(Phra.,  IV,  3,  1324.) 
Compare  also  Alph.,  iv,  1,  1013 ;  Alcm.,  in,  1,  958 ; 
••  Gig.,  IV,  2,  900. 

So  also  in  the  sixteenth  century  (Huguet,  p.  156, 
et  sq). 
1.  732     Aucunefois,  in   sense   of   quelquefois,   is   of   frequent 
occurrence  at  the  beginning  of  the  seventeenth  century 
(H.,  §  50  B). 
Examples  of  this  usage  are  infrequent  in  Hardy : 


A  Study  in  the  Syntax  of  Alexandre  Hardy  29 

II  est  bon  de  munir  aucunes  fois  sa  vie. 

(Arist,  IV,  2,  1109.) 
Coute  a  notre  indulgence  aucune  fois  bien  cber. 
(Mel.,  Ill,  2,  656.) 
1.  741     Rien,  equivalent  to  quelque  chose,  is  common  in  the 
seventeenth  century  (H.,  §  51,  B  rem.  1). 
This  phenomenon  is  very  common  in  Hardy : 
Qui  presumait  que  sa  simplicite 
Eut  one  brasse  rien  de  lubricite. 

(Tr.  d'  A.,  IV,  1,  1320.) 
Je  tomberai  plutot  sur  ma  lame  pointue. 
Que  rien  de  cruaute  vers  elle  s'  effectue. 

(J.,  2,  III,  1.) 
Declare  si  tu  sais  rien  de  telle  aventure. 
(Rav.  Pr.,  IV,  2,  1203.) 
Compare  also  Mar.,  i,  2,  222 ;  J.  2,  iv,  2 ;  etc. 
So  also  in  the  sixteenth  century  (D.  and  H.,  §  180), 
1.  75       Meme,  equivalent  to  the  Latin  ipse,  frequently  pre- 
ceded the  substantive  in  the  seventeenth  century  (H., 
§  53  A). 

This  usage  is  rare  in  Hardy : 

Tu  es  r  effronterie  et  la  meme  insolence. 
(J.,  3,  III,  2.) 
Occurs  in  the  sixteenth  century  (D.  and  H.,  §  175). 
1.76.       Autrui  is  used  in  the  seventeenth  century  as  to-day. 
L'autrui  is  rare  (H.,  §  54,  C). 

Hardy  offers  one  example  of  V autrui: 
Je  ne  veux  rien  de  l'autrui  retenir. 
(Alcee,  II,  3,  764.) 
Autrui,  with  the  article,  also,  is  found  in  the  sixteenth 
century  (D.  and  H.,  §  172). 
1.  761     The  seventeenth  century  furnishes  examples  of  maint 
as  adjective,  as  substantive,  and  followed  by  the  par- 
titive de  (H.,  §  54  'C,  rem.  iii). 

Examples  of  such  usage  are  found  in  Hardy : 
Maints  de  nos  citoyens     *  *  * 
(J.,  2,  III,  2.) 


30  A  Study  in  the  Syntax  of  Alexandre  Hardy 

Que  maints  desireront  sa  vaillance  imiter. 
(Pant.,  IV,  2,  977.) 
Compare  also  J.,  6,  ii,  1 ;  J.  3,  i,  1 ;  J.,  1,  i,  1 ;  etc. 
1.77       Exceptional  use  of  chaque — adjective — in  Hardy: 

Finesse  trop  f  requente  a  nous,  par  chaques  jours 
Batus  et  rebatus  de  telle  semblables  tours. 
(Corn.,  II,  2,  515.) 
1.  781     Quiconque,  used  with  the  verb  etre,  occurs  only  excep- 
tionally in  the  seventeenth  century  (H.,  §  45  C). 
Examples  are  found  in  Hardy: 

Or  quiconque  tu  sois  de  la  celeste  bande  .  .  . 

(Did.,  IV,  1,  1088.) 
Pardonnez-moi,  quiconque,  soyez  vous  .  .  . 
(Corine,  v,  2,  945.) 
So  also  in  the  sixteenth  century  (Huguet,  p.  155.) 
1.  782     Quiconque  occurs,  also,  in  Hardy,  equivalent  to  qui  or 
to  qui  que  vous  soyez  qui: 

Eideles   serviteurs,   vous,    quiconques  I'aimates, 
Quiconques  a  mon  vouloir  devots  vous  conform- 
ates,  .  .  . 

(Mar.,  V,  1,  1691.) 
As  in  the  sixteenth  century  (Huguet,  p.  155 ;  Bru- 
not,  II,  p.  432). 
1.  79       Quoi  que  .  .  .  de,  used  with  a  substantive  equivalent 
to  quelque  .  .  .  que,  occurs  in  the  seventeenth  cen- 
tury (H.,  §  45,  rem.  i). 

This  usage  occurs  in  Hardy : 

Quoi  que  de  V  accident  en  mon  esprit  je  roule, 
Son  pro  jet  incertain  comme  un  songe  s'  ecoule. 
(J.,  6,  I,  2.) 
Compare  Brunot,  iii,  p.  521. 
1.  79a     Tel,  equivalent  to  modern  French  quelque,  occurs  very 
frequently  in  the  seventeenth  century  (H.,  §  45  B). 
Examples  are  found  in  Hardy : 

Sujets  a  recevoir  de  telle  part  qu'  il  vienne. 
(Procr.,  II,  3,  639.) 


A  Study  in  the  Syntax  of  Alexandre  Hardy  31 

Vols  de  me  1'  apporter  a  tel  prix  que  ce  soit. 
Arsac,  in,  1,  818.) 
Compare  also  Arsac,  ii,  1,  347 ;  Alceste,  v,  1,  1213. 
Also,  in  the  sixteenth  century, — Vaugelas,  ii,  p. 
136. 


CHAPTEE  II 

2.  1  The  Indefinite  Article 

2.  1         Though    omitted    more    frequently    than    in    modern 
French,  the  indefinite  article  approaches  nearer  and 
nearer,  in  the  seventeenth  century,  to  normal  usage  of 
today  (H.,  §  57,  i). 
2.  11       Before  concrete  nouns,  in  the  seventeenth  century,  such 
omission  is  common  (H.,  §  57.) 
Examples  are  found  in  Hardy : 
2.  Ill     Before  a  substantive  followed  by  a  relative  preposition: 
Sur  chose  qui  est  mienne  exercer  ma  justice. 
(J.,  6,  III,  3.) 
So  also  in  the  sixteenth  century  (D.  &  H.,  p.  143). 
2.  121     Before  abstract  nouns,  the  omission  of  the  article  is 
common  in  the  seventeenth  century  (H.  §  57.) 
Examples  occur  in  Hardy : 

One  malheur  jusqu'  a  toi  ne  puisse  penetrer. 
One  fortune  de  toi  ses  f aveurs  ne  retire. 
(J.,  7,  II,  2.) 
Compare  also  Mar.,  ii,  2,  602 ;  Mel.,  iv,  3,  889  ;  Did., 
IV,  3,  1555. 
2.  122     Before  abstract  nouns,  the  omission  of  the  article  is, 
also,  common  in  a  number  of  special  cases  (H.,  §  57). 
Examples  are  found  in  Hardy. 
2.  1221  Before  a  direct  complement  (H.,  §  57,  C). 

L'  air  serain  ne  predit  tourmente  de  longtemps. 
(Did.,  II,  3,  531.) 


32  A  Study  in  the  Syntax  of  Alexandre  Hardy 

Compare  also  Pant.,  i,  1,  65 ;  J.,  8,  v^  2 ;  Pant.,  m, 
1,  469. 
2. 1222  Before  a  prepositional  complement:  (H.,  §  57  D.) 
Tu  crains  de  t' assurer  a  si  petit  empire. 
(Did.,  IV,  2,  1783.) 
Compare  also  Seed.,  in,  1,  738 ;  J.,  6,  in,  3 ;  Did.,  iv, 

3,  1571. 
So,  too,  in  the  sixteenth  century  (D.  &  H.,  §  143  and 
§  144). 
2.  13       In  the  seventeenth  century,  the  article  is,  also,  omitted 
before  autre,  tel,  and  demi  (H.,  §  57,  ii). 
In  Hardy,  examples  of  the  omission  are  rare : 

Tel  scandale  n'  avient  qu'  aux  amants  indis- 
crets. 

(Freg.,  I,  1,  123.) 
Compare  also  Tim.,  in,  1,  1268 ;  Seed.,  n,  2,  377. 
iSo  also  in  the  sixteenth  century  (D.  &  H.,  §  155-148), 
2.  14       In  the  seventeenth  century,  autre,  pronoun,  used  as 
subject  or  complement  without  the  article,  and  con- 
strued with  ne  is  of  frequent  occurrence.     In  such 
examples,  auire  has  the  force  of  nulle  (H.,  §  57,  D,  n, 
rem.  i). 

In  Hardy,  examples  of  this  usage  are  frequent : 

Ce  roc  de  chastete  qu'  autre  que  toi  n  enflamme. 

(Proc.,  Ill,  1,  484.) 
Les  siens  que  preserver  autre  que  moi  n'  eut  su. 
(Did.,  Ill,  1,  858.) 

autre  certes  que  toi 
W  emporte  de  vaincoeur  le  titre  .  .  . 
(Mel.,  Ill,  2,  595.) 
Compare  also  Tim.,  v,  1,  2294. 
So  also  in  the  sixteentih  century  (D.  &iH.,  §  148-155). 


VITA 


Born  in  Baltimore,  Maryland.  Attended  the  public  schools, 
and  graduated  from  the  Baltimore  City  College  in  1903. 
Entered  the  Johns  Hopkins  University  and  graduated  with 
the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts  in  1906.  From  1908-1912,  Pro- 
fessor of  Modern  Languages  at  Saint  John's  College,  Annapolis, 
Maryland.  Post-graduate  student  in  the  Department  of 
Romance  Languages  of  the  Johns  Hopkins  University  1906-7; 
1912-14.  University  Scholar  1912-13,  University  Fellow  1913- 
14.  While  a  graduate  student  at  the  Johns  Hopkins  Univer- 
sity, attendant  on  courses  of  the  late  Professor  A.  M.  Elliott, 
Professors  E.  C.  Armstrong,  C.  C.  Marden,  J.  E.  Shaw,  P. 
Ogden,  A.  Terracher,  A.  Morize. 


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Gaylord  Bros. 

Makers 

Syracvise,  N.  Y. 

'  PAT.  JAN.  21, 1908 


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